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How to Read Expiration on Wholesale Package

Written By Thursday, March 3, 2022 Add Comment Edit

Length of time that a article may exist stored earlier information technology degrades

This pack of diced pork says 'Display until' 7 May and 'Utilize by' 8 May

Shelf life is the length of time that a article may be stored without becoming unfit for utilise, consumption, or sale.[1] In other words, it might refer to whether a commodity should no longer be on a pantry shelf (unfit for use), or only no longer on a supermarket shelf (unfit for sale, simply not however unfit for use). It applies to cosmetics, foods and beverages, medical devices, medicines, explosives, pharmaceutical drugs, chemicals, tyres, batteries, and many other perishable items. In some regions, an advisory best earlier, mandatory apply by or freshness appointment is required on packaged perishable foods. The concept of expiration date is related but legally distinct in some jurisdictions.[ii]

Background [edit]

Shelf life is the recommended maximum time for which products or fresh (harvested) produce can be stored, during which the defined quality of a specified proportion of the goods remains acceptable nether expected (or specified) conditions of distribution, storage and display.[3]

According to the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), "canned foods are safe indefinitely equally long equally they are not exposed to freezing temperatures, or temperatures above 90 °F (32.2° C)". If the cans await okay, they are rubber to use. Discard cans that are dented, rusted, or bloated. High-acid canned foods (tomatoes, fruits) volition go along their best quality for 12 to 18 months; low-acid canned foods (meats, vegetables) for 2 to 5 years.[4]

"Sell past date" is a less ambiguous term for what is often referred to every bit an "expiration date". Almost nutrient is withal edible after the expiration date.[five] A product that has passed its shelf life might withal exist safety, only quality is no longer guaranteed. In most food stores, waste is minimized past using stock rotation, which involves moving products with the earliest sell by date from the warehouse to the sales area, and then to the front of the shelf, and so that most shoppers will pick them up outset and thus they are likely to be sold earlier the cease of their shelf life. Some stores can be fined for selling out of date products; most if not all would accept to mark such products downwardly as wasted, resulting in a financial loss.

Shelf life depends on the degradation mechanism of the specific product. Most tin can be influenced past several factors: exposure to light, heat, moisture, transmission of gases, mechanical stresses, and contamination past things such every bit micro-organisms. Product quality is often mathematically modelled effectually a parameter (concentration of a chemical compound, a microbiological index, or moisture content).[6]

For some foods, wellness problems are important in determining shelf life. Bacterial contaminants are ubiquitous, and foods left unused too long volition often be contaminated past substantial amounts of bacterial colonies and become unsafe to eat, leading to food poisoning. All the same, shelf life alone is not an authentic indicator of how long the food can safely be stored. For example, pasteurized milk can remain fresh for five days afterwards its sell-by date if it is refrigerated properly. Nonetheless, improper storage of milk may result in bacterial contagion or spoilage before the expiration appointment.[7]

The expiration engagement of pharmaceuticals specifies the date the manufacturer guarantees the full authorization and safety of a drug. Nearly medications keep to exist effective and safe for a time after the expiration engagement. A rare exception is a case of renal tubular acidosis purportedly caused by expired tetracycline.[eight] A study conducted past the U.S. Food and Drug Assistants covered over 100 drugs, prescription and over-the-counter. The study showed that about 90% of them were safe and effective every bit long as 15 years past their expiration dates. Joel Davis, a former FDA expiration-date compliance principal, said that with a scattering of exceptions - notably nitroglycerin, insulin and some liquid antibiotics - near expired drugs are probably effective.[9]

Shelf life is not significantly studied during drug development[ dubious – hash out ], and drug manufacturers take economic and liability incentives to specify shorter shelf lives and so that consumers are encouraged to discard and repurchase products. One major exception is the Shelf Life Extension Program (SLEP) of the U.S. Department of Defence (DoD), which commissioned a major study of drug efficacy from the FDA starting in the mid-1980s. I criticism is that the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) refused to issue guidelines based on SLEP research for normal marketing of pharmaceuticals even though the FDA performed the written report. The SLEP and FDA signed a memorandum that scientific information could non be shared with the public, public health departments, other government agencies, and drug manufacturers.[x] State and local programs are not permitted to participate.[11] The failure to share data has acquired foreign governments to refuse donations of expired medications.[12] One exception occurred during the 2010 Swine Influenza Epidemic when the FDA authorized expired Tamiflu based on SLEP Data.[13] The SLEP discovered that drugs such as Cipro remained effective nine years afterwards their shelf life, and, as a price-saving measure out, the US military machine routinely uses a wide range of SLEP tested products by their official shelf life if drugs accept been stored properly.[14]

Preservatives and antioxidants may be incorporated into some food and drug products to extend their shelf life. Some companies utilize consecration sealing and vacuum/oxygen-barrier pouches to assist in the extension of the shelf life of their products where oxygen causes the loss.

The DoD Shelf-Life Plan defines shelf-life as

The total period of time get-go with the date of manufacture, date of cure (for elastomeric and rubber products only), date of assembly, or appointment of pack (subsistence only), and terminated past the appointment by which an item must be used (expiration engagement) or subjected to inspection, test, restoration, or disposal action; or afterwards inspection/laboratory examination/restorative activeness that an particular may remain in the combined wholesale (including manufacture'due south) and retail storage systems and still be suitable for issue or use past the end user. Shelf-life is not to be dislocated with service-life (defined as, A general term used to quantify the average or standard life expectancy of an detail or equipment while in use. When a shelf-life item is unpacked and introduced to mission requirements, installed into intended awarding, or only left in storage, placed in pre-expended bins, or held equally bench stock, shelf-life management stops and service life begins.)[15]

Shelf life is often specified in conjunction with a specific product, package, and distribution organization. For example, an MRE field ration is designed to have a shelf life of three years at 80 °F (27 °C) and vi months at 100 °F (38 °C).[16]

Temperature control [edit]

Nearly all chemical reactions can occur at normal temperatures (although different reactions continue at different rates). Yet most reactions are accelerated past high temperatures, and the degradation of foods and pharmaceuticals is no exception. The aforementioned applies to the breakup of many chemic explosives into more unstable compounds. Nitroglycerine is notorious. Old explosives are thus more dangerous (i.e. liable to exist triggered to explode past very small disturbances, even trivial jiggling) than more recently manufactured explosives. Rubber products too degrade equally sulphur bonds induced during vulcanization revert; this is why former rubber bands and other rubber products soften and become crispy, and lose their elasticity as they historic period.

The usually quoted rule of thumb is that chemic reactions double their rate for each temperature increase of 10 °C (18 °F) considering activation energy barriers are more hands surmounted at college temperatures. Nonetheless, equally with many rules of pollex, at that place are many caveats and exceptions. The rule works best for reactions with activation energy values effectually 50 kJ/mole; many of these are of import at the usual temperatures nosotros encounter. It is frequently applied in shelf life estimation, sometimes wrongly. There is a widespread impression, for instance in manufacture, that "triple time" tin can exist simulated in practice past increasing the temperature by 15 °C (27 °F), due east.g., storing a product for one calendar month at 35 °C (95 °F) simulates three months at 20 °C (68 °F). This is mathematically incorrect (if the rule was precisely accurate the required temperature increase would be nigh 15.eight °C (28.iv °F)), and in whatever instance the dominion is only a crude approximation and cannot e'er exist relied on.

The aforementioned is true, upwards to a point, of the chemical reactions of living things. They are usually catalyzed by enzymes which alter reaction rates, only with no variation in catalytic action, the dominion of thumb is nevertheless mostly applicable. In the instance of bacteria and fungi, the reactions needed to feed and reproduce speed upwardly at higher temperatures, up to the point that the proteins and other compounds in their cells themselves brainstorm to break down, or denature, and so chop-chop that they cannot be replaced. This is why high temperatures impale leaner and other micro-organisms: 'tissue' breakdown reactions reach such rates that they cannot be compensated for and the cell dies. On the other hand, 'elevated' temperatures brusque of these result in increased growth and reproduction; if the organism is harmful, perhaps to dangerous levels.

Just every bit temperature increases speed upwardly reactions, temperature decreases reduce them. Therefore, to make explosives stable for longer periods, or to keep rubber bands springy, or to force leaner to slow down their growth, they can be cooled. That is why shelf life is generally extended by temperature control: (refrigeration, insulated shipping containers, controlled common cold concatenation, etc.) and why some medicines and foods must be refrigerated. Since such storing of such goods is temporal in nature and shelf life is dependent on the temperature controlled environment, they are also referred to as cargo even when in special storage to emphasize the inherent time-temperature sensitivity matrix.

Temperature information loggers and time temperature indicators can record the temperature history of a shipment to help estimate their remaining shelf life.[17]

According to the USDA, "foods kept frozen continuously are safe indefinitely."[4]

Packaging [edit]

Passive barrier packaging tin can oft help control or extend shelf life by blocking the manual of deleterious substances, like wet or oxygen, beyond the bulwark.[18] Active packaging, on the other hand, employs the apply of substances that scavenge, capture, or otherwise return harmless deleterious substances.[xviii] When moisture content is a mechanism for production deposition, packaging with a depression moisture vapor transmission rate and the employ of desiccants help keep the moisture in the package within acceptable limits. When oxidation is the chief concern, packaging with a low oxygen transmission rate and the utilize of oxygen absorbers tin can help extend the shelf life. Produce and other products with respiration often require packaging with controlled bulwark properties. The use of a modified atmosphere in the package can extend the shelf life for some products.

Problems associated with sell by / utilize past dates [edit]

Co-ordinate to the Uk Waste & Resources Activeness Program (WRAP), 33% of all food produced is wasted along the common cold chain or past the consumer.[19] [ citation needed ] At the same time, a big number of people get ill every year due to spoiled food. Co-ordinate to the WHO and CDC, every year in the USA there are 76 million foodborne illnesses, leading to 325,000 hospitalizations and v,000 deaths.[twenty]

Co-ordinate to former UK government minister Hilary Benn, the use by date and sell-past dates are old technologies that are outdated and should be replaced by other solutions or disposed of altogether.[21] The Britain government'due south Department for Surroundings, Food and Rural Affairs revised guidance in 2011 to exclude the employ of sell-by dates. The guidance was prepared in consultation with the food manufacture, consumer groups, regulators, and Waste & Resources Action Programme (WRAP). It aims to reduce the annual £12bn of wasted supermarket food.[22]

Regulation [edit]

Canada [edit]

A best before date used on the lesser of a box in Canada

The Canadian Food Inspection Agency produces a Guide to Food Labelling and Advertising which sets out a "Durable Life Date".[23] [24] The authorisation for producing the guide comes from the Food and Drugs Act. The guide sets out what items must be labelled and the format of the date.[25] The month and 24-hour interval must be included and the year if it is felt necessary and must be in the format twelvemonth/month/day. Yet, there is no requirement that the yr be in 4 digits.[23]

European Spousal relationship [edit]

In the EU food quality dates are governed by Regulation (EU) 1169/2011, "On the Provision of Nutrient Information to Consumers".[26]

Germany [edit]

In Deutschland, 1 differentiates between the "Mindesthaltbarkeitsdatum" (MHD), roughly minimum shelf-life and "Verbrauchsdatum", which is more than in line with the common expiry date. Products that spoil quickly, such as minced meat, accept to be given a Verbrauchsdatum and are barred from auction upon death. Other products are given Mindesthaltbarkeitsdatum, which is set by the individual producers of said product and do not bar the product from being sold past the date adamant. Products with an expired MHD may be sold if the seller is satisfied that the goods are in perfect condition. Accordingly, it follows that the customer is not entitled to bounty if he unintentionally acquires a product with an expired shelf life, provided that the product can nevertheless be regarded as faultless. Neither the MHD nor the Verbrauchsdatum provide legal rights if a product is no longer fit for consumption before the indicated appointment and the manufacturer tin can testify the credibility of his claims.

The MHD has been criticized for possibly causing food waste. For instance, the so Government minister Christian Schmidt complained that many withal edible foods with an expired MHD would be thrown away by consumers who would misunderstand the MHD as an expiration date.[27]

Hong Kong [edit]

In Hong Kong, prepackaged nutrient which from the microbiological point of view is highly perishable and is therefore likely after a short menstruum to plant an firsthand danger to human wellness, are required to use the 'Use by' label instead of the 'Best before' characterization. Examples include pasteurised fresh milk, packed egg and ham sandwiches, etc. Dates are normally presented in the DD MM YY (or YYYY) format.[28]

United kingdom [edit]

According to the Section for Surroundings, Food and Rural Affairs dates must be in the day/calendar month or solar day/month/year format.[29] Technical expertise should exist hired for regular end of shelf life safety and quality testing. Shelf life trials should be conducted using the same ingredients, equipment, procedures and manufacturing environs equally will be used during the bodily production.[xxx]

Usa [edit]

Sale of expired food products, per se, is lightly regulated in the US. Some states restrict or prevent the sale of expired products, require expiration dates on all perishable products, or both, while other states do not.[31] However, sale of contaminated nutrient is by and large illegal, and may result in product liability litigation if consumption of the food results in injury.[32] [33]

Afterwards losing a lawsuit, chemist's shop concatenation CVS implemented a system that causes its registers to recognize expired products and avert their sale.[34]

Voluntary industry guidelines announced in 2017 from the Grocery Manufacturers Clan and the Nutrient Marketing Found recommend using only "all-time if used by" or "employ by", to avoid confusion that leads to food waste material.[35] In 2019, the Food and Drug Administration urged nutrient manufacturers to adopt the voluntary standards.[36]

Federal regulation [edit]

The Food and Drug Administration, which regulates packaged foods and drugs, only requires a use-by, or expiration, date on infant formula and some babe foods, because formula must contain a sure quantity of each food every bit described on the label.[37] If formula is stored too long, it may lose its nutritional value.[38]

The U.s. Department of Agriculture (USDA), which regulates fresh poultry and meats, only requires labeling of the date when poultry is packed.[39] Even so, many manufacturers also voluntarily add together sell-by or utilise-by dates.[40]

The DoD Shelf-Life Program operates under the DoD Regulation 4140.1-R, DoD Material Direction Regulation, ([41])

A. There are items in the Department of Defence (DoD) and the Federal Supply Arrangement that crave special handling due to certain deteriorative characteristics. These items are to be properly maintained to ensure that the customer is provided fresh, useable material. The purpose of this Manual is to establish a shelf-life plan and process, with special emphasis on those items having these known deterioration characteristics, to mitigate the adventure of shelf-life expiration and lapses of shelf-life items/material beyond their inspect/test dates.

B. Provide policy and bones procedures for the management of both non-consumable and consumable shelf‑life items that may exist hazardous cloth (HAZMAT) or non-hazardous material, spanning all classes of supply and stored at all levels of the Federal Supply System. Shelf-life direction for hazardous material follows the same procedures every bit those for whatever shelf-life items, except that hazardous fabric should receive priority processing over non-hazardous material. Issues and guidelines concerning the acquisition, storage, handling, transportation, and disposal of hazardous material are addressed in Chapters 3 and five of this Transmission. Course I perishable subsistence, Class III majority petroleum, Class Five ammunition, and Form 8-B blood, are excluded from this Manual and shall continue to be managed in accord with existing regulations. Bolt excluded from this Manual may exist represented by their respective DoD Component to the DoD Shelf-Life Lath. The definitions for "classes of supply" may be found in Appendix 16 of DoD 4140.1-R.

C. This Manual endorses the pollution prevention measures in DoD Teaching 4715.4 for hazardous cloth (HAZMAT) minimization (HAZMIN), equally well every bit, the establishment of hazardous material control and management (HMC&1000) philosophies which include consolidation and reutilization practices that embrace HAZMIN and HAZMAT emptying to reduce the hazardous waste (HW) stream.

D. Appendices A through K augment this Transmission and furnish boosted information germane to the DoD Shelf-Life Management Program. Appendix L serves equally a quick reference index to this Manual.

Beer [edit]

Freshness date [edit]

A freshness date is the date used in the American brewing manufacture to signal either the appointment the beer was bottled or the date before which the beer should exist consumed.

Beer is perishable. It can exist afflicted by light, air, or the activeness of bacteria. Although beer is not legally mandated in the United states of america to accept a shelf life, freshness dates serve much the same purpose and are used as a marketing tool.

Ancestry of freshness dating [edit]

General Brewing Company of San Francisco marketed their Lucky Lager Beer as "Age Dated" as early on as tardily 1935.[42] They stamped a date on each tin can lid to point that the beer was brewed earlier that date. This was not to ensure that the beer was "fresh" but to ensure that it had been aged properly. So many breweries had rushed beer to market before information technology was prepare when Prohibition ended, that customers were wary of getting "green" beer. The Boston Beer Company, maker of Samuel Adams, was among the first contemporary brewers to first adding freshness dates to their product line in 1985. For x years there was a wearisome growth in brewers adding freshness dates to their beer. The practice grew in popularity later on the Anheuser-Busch company's "Built-in-On dates" starting in 1996.[ citation needed ] Many other brewers have started adding freshness dates to their products, but in that location is no standard for what the date means. For some companies, the date on the bottle or tin volition be the engagement that the beer was bottled; others have the date past which the beer should be consumed.

[edit]

The concept of shelf life applies to other products besides food and drugs. Gasoline has a shelf life, although it is not commonly necessary to display a sell-by date. Exceeding this time-frame will introduce harmful varnishes[ clarification needed ], etc. into equipment designed to operate with these products, i.e. a gasoline lawn mower that has not been properly winterized[ clarification needed ] could incur damage that volition prevent apply in the spring, and crave expensive servicing to the carburetor.

Some glues and adhesives also accept a limited storage life, and volition cease working in a reliable and usable manner if their safe shelf life is exceeded.

Rather different is the use of a time limit for the apply of items similar vouchers, gift certificates and pre-paid telephone cards, and then that afterward the displayed date the voucher etc. will no longer be valid. Bell Mobility and its parent visitor, BCE Inc. have been served with notice of a $100-1000000 class-action lawsuit alleging that expiry dates on its pre-paid wireless services are illegal.[43]

Meet likewise [edit]

  • Accelerated aging
  • Cold chain
  • Digital permanence
  • Expiration engagement
  • Failure rate
  • Nutrient waste
  • Inventory turnover
  • Modified atmosphere
  • Moisture vapor transmission charge per unit
  • Packaging and labelling
  • Permeation
  • Planned obsolescence
  • Redox
  • Shelf stable

References [edit]

  1. ^ Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd ed.
  2. ^ Affairs, Government of Canada,Canadian Food Inspection Agency,Public. "Appointment Labelling on Pre-packaged Foods". world wide web.inspection.gc.ca . Retrieved 1 September 2017.
  3. ^ Gyesley, S. W. (Jan 1991). "Full Organisation Approach to Predict Shelf Life of Packaged Nutrient Products". In Henyon, DK (ed.). Total Systems Approach to Predict Shelf Life of Packaged Foods. ASTM International.: Food Packaging Technology. pp. 46–fifty. doi:10.1520/STP14842S. ISBN978-0-8031-1417-three. ASTM STP 1113-EB.
  4. ^ a b "Food_Product_Dating". Retrieved 2015-04-24 .
  5. ^ Encounter "Expiration dates". Consumer Diplomacy. Retrieved 11 November 2011.
  6. ^ Azanha, A.B.; Faria (July 2005). "Utilise of mathematical models for estimating the shelf-life of cornflakes in flexible packaging". Packaging Technology and Science. 18 (4): 161–222. doi:10.1002/pts.686.
  7. ^ "Tin Yous Beverage Milk By Its Sell-past Date?". Dairy Council of California . Retrieved 30 May 2017.
  8. ^ Pomerantz, JM (2004). "Recycling expensive medication: why not?". MedGenMed. 6 (two): 4. PMC1395800. PMID 15266231.
  9. ^ Cohen, Laurie P. (2000-03-28). "Many Medicines Prove Potent for Years Past Their Expiration Dates". Wall Street Journal. Vol. 235, no. 62. pp. A1 (encompass story).
  10. ^ "US Army Medical Materiel Agency (USAMMA)". Usamma.army.mil. 2013-11-20. Retrieved 2014-02-08 .
  11. ^ "Maximizing State and Local Medical Countermeasure Stockpile Investments Through the Shelf-Life Extension Program". Upmc-biosecurity.org. Archived from the original on 2013-01-eighteen. Retrieved 2014-02-08 .
  12. ^ "Essentialdrugs.org". Essentialdrugs.org. Archived from the original on 2013-12-11. Retrieved 2014-02-08 .
  13. ^ "Stockpiled Antivirals at or Nearing Expiration". Fda.gov. Retrieved 2014-02-08 .
  14. ^ http://www.usamma.army.mil/avails/docs/dlar.pdf
  15. ^ "The DoD Shelf-Life Program - Shelf-Life Direction Transmission - Definitions". Archived from the original on 2007-01-01.
  16. ^ Public Affairs Role (June 4, 2004). "Nanotechnology applied to ration packaging" (Press release). Natick, MA: U.s.a. Regular army Soldier Systems Center.
  17. ^ Meyers, T (June 2007). "RFID Shelf-life Monitoring Helps Resolve Disputes". RFID Journal.
  18. ^ a b Forcinio, Hallie (2 October 2018). "Protecting Solid-Dose Shelf Life". Pharmaceutical Engineering. Vol. 42, no. 10. UBM. Retrieved 8 November 2018.
  19. ^ Household Food and Drink Waste in the UK, WRAP 2009
  20. ^ "WHO - Food safety and foodborne illness". Archived from the original on February 27, 2004. Retrieved one September 2017.
  21. ^ Shields, Rachel (2009-06-07). "Kitchen bin war: tackling the food waste mount". The Independent. London. Retrieved 2010-05-23 .
  22. ^ Batty, David (2011-09-xv). "Government bins 'sell-by' dates to reduce food waste". The Guardian. London. Retrieved September 15, 2011. The "sell-past" engagement on food packaging is to be removed in a bid to cut the £12bn worth of food needlessly binned every year. [...] The Department for Environment, Nutrient and Rural Diplomacy produced the guidance in consultation with the food industry, consumer groups, regulators, and the Waste and Resources Activeness Programme (Wrap).
  23. ^ a b Agency, Authorities of Canada,Canadian Food Inspection. "Food Labelling for Industry". world wide web.inspection.gc.ca . Retrieved ane September 2017.
  24. ^ Agency, Government of Canada,Canadian Food Inspection. "Food Labelling for Industry". www.inspection.gc.ca . Retrieved ane September 2017.
  25. ^ Affairs, Authorities of Canada,Canadian Nutrient Inspection Agency,Public. "Date Labelling on Pre-packaged Foods". www.inspection.gc.ca . Retrieved 1 September 2017.
  26. ^ "Regulation (EU) No 1169/2011 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 October 2011, on the provision of food data to consumers..." Retrieved 27 June 2018.
  27. ^ "Lebensmittelverschwendung - Haltbarkeitsdatum - künftig ohne?", Deutschlandfunk (in German), retrieved 2018-03-25
  28. ^ "Centre for Food Safety" (PDF) . Retrieved 1 September 2017.
  29. ^ "Guidance on the application of date labels to food" (PDF) . Retrieved one September 2017.
  30. ^ "Practice'southward and Don'ts of Setting The Shelf Life" (PDF).
  31. ^ "Become Your Money'due south Worth at the Grocery Shop" (PDF). Land Library of Massachusetts. Country of Massachusetts. Retrieved thirty May 2017.
  32. ^ Larson, Aaron. "Food Contamination at Restaurants". Expert Law. ExpertLaw.com. Retrieved 30 May 2017.
  33. ^ Buzby, Jean; Frenzen, Paul (December 1999). "Food safety and product liability". Food Policy. 24 (6): 637–651. doi:10.1016/S0306-9192(99)00070-6.
  34. ^ http://www.consumercal.org/article.php?id=1779 @1:forty
  35. ^ "New Guidelines Seek To Provide Clarity On Food Expiration Dates". NPR.org . Retrieved 1 September 2017.
  36. ^ To Reduce Nutrient Waste, FDA Urges 'All-time If Used By' Date Labels
  37. ^ "Did y'all know that a store can sell food past the expiration appointment?". FDA. U.Due south. Food and Drug Administration. Retrieved 30 May 2017.
  38. ^ Magoulas, A.K. (7 Aug 2014). "$AVE Money past Knowing When Nutrient is Safe". FoodSafety.gov. U.S. Department of Health & Human Services. Retrieved 30 May 2017.
  39. ^ "Food Product Dating". USDA. Us Department of Agronomics. Retrieved xxx May 2017.
  40. ^ Yee, Aubrey (24 Sep 2012). "Food Expiration Dates". Sustainable America . Retrieved 30 May 2017.
  41. ^ "The DoD Shelf-Life Program - Shelf-Life Direction Transmission - DoD 4140.27-G - Chapter ane, General". Archived from the original on 2007-01-01.
  42. ^ Yenne, Bill. Cracking American Beers: Twelve Brands That Became Icons. Voyageur Press. ISBN9781610603966 . Retrieved i September 2017 – via Google Books.
  43. ^ [1] Archived May 16, 2012, at the Wayback Automobile

Further reading [edit]

  • "New Guidelines Seek to Provide Clarity on Food Expiration Dates". All Things Considered. U.Due south.: NPR. 17 Feb 2017. Includes a list of the many terms used in the The states food industry.
  • Anonymous, "Common cold Chain Management", 2003, 2006
  • Anonymous, Protecting Perishable Foods During Transport by Truck, USDA Handbook 669, 1995
  • Kilcast, D., Subramamiam, P., Food and Beverage Stability and Shelf Life, Woodhead Publishing, 2011, ISBN 978-1-84569-701-3
  • Labuza, T. P., Szybist, L., Open dating of Foods, Nutrient and Nutrition Press, 2001; other edition: Wiley-Blackwell, 2004, ISBN 0-917678-53-2
  • Man, C. Yard., Jones. A. A., Shelf-Life Evaluation of Foods, ISBN 0-8342-1782-1
  • Robertson, G.L., Food Packaging and Shelf Life: A Practical Guide, CRC Printing, 2010, ISBN 978-1-4200-7844-2
  • Steele, R., Agreement and Measuring the Shelf-Life of Nutrient, Woodhead Publishing, 2004, ISBN 1-85573-732-9
  • Weenen, H., Cadwallader, Grand., Freshness and Shelf Life of Foods, ACS, 2002, ISBN 0-8412-3801-iv

External links [edit]

  • USDA - Food Product Dating and storage guidelines
  • FDA - Food freshness and smart packaging
  • How to store your food

barberhorce1979.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shelf_life

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